locate: Esse comando permite encontrar arquivos no sistema, diferentemente do comando "find" que veremos a seguir, o "locate" não faz sua pesquisa no hd, mas em sua base de dados que é atualizada com o comando "updatedb", caso você queira procurar por arquivos criado recentemente o locate não encontrará, ao menos que você tenha executado o updatedb para atualizar sua base de dados.
which: mostra o caminho dos executáveis no sistema
Ex: which ls
/bin/ls
find: Também usado para procurar arquivos, mas não usa uma base de dados, como o locate, sua pesquisa vasculha diretórios e subdiretórios até encontrar o arquivo
Ex: sudo find /etc/ -name smb.conf
/etc/samba/smb.conf
su: No sistema existe uma separação entre o "root" e os demais usuários do sistema, o "root" têm acesso completo ao sistema, podendo alterar configurações e usar a maior parte das ferramentas para tal procedimento.
Sua sintaxe é bem básica:
Ex: su -
Senha:
sudo: Algumas distribuições vem com a conta de "root" desativada por padrão, ai é que entra a utilidade desse comando, assim como outros utilitários no sistema, o "sudo" possuí seu arquivo de configuração, localizado em "/etc/sudoers", esse arquivo serve para permitir quem usará o comando. No ubuntu só o usuário administrativo criado na instalação poderá usar o "sudo".
Ex: sudo -i
cat: Usado para visualizar o conteúdo de arquivos, como em "cat /etc/samba/smb.conf", ele também pode ser combinado com outros comandos para fazer cópia de arquivos, como em " cat meuarquivo.txt > /dev/fd0", nesse caso o /dev/fd0 representa minha unidade de disquete no sistema.
head: permite visualizar as primeiras linhas de um arquivo, por padrão ele mostra as primeiras dez linhas, caso queira que ele mostre uma quantidade maior de linhas execute-o assim:
Ex: head -20 /etc/samba/smb.conf | cat -n
1 #
2 # Sample configuration file for the Samba suite for Debian GNU/Linux.
3 #
4 #
5 # This is the main Samba configuration file. You should read the
6 # smb.conf(5) manual page in order to understand the options listed
7 # here. Samba has a huge number of configurable options most of which
8 # are not shown in this example
9 #
10 # Some options that are often worth tuning have been included as
11 # commented-out examples in this file.
12 # - When such options are commented with ";", the proposed setting
13 # differs from the default Samba behaviour
14 # - When commented with "#", the proposed setting is the default
15 # behaviour of Samba but the option is considered important
16 # enough to be mentioned here
17 #
18 # NOTE: Whenever you modify this file you should run the command
19 # "testparm" to check that you have not made any basic syntactic
20 # errors.
tail: Permite visualizar as últimas linhas de um arquivo, por padrão mostra as últimas dez linhas, esse comando é muito usado para visualizar os arquivos de log, para visualizar arquivos de log em tempo real usa-se a opção "-f " seguido do arquivo.
Ex: tail -f /var/log/syslog
Jan 2 23:57:03 200 kernel: [19637.235131] init: cups main process ended, respawning
Jan 2 23:57:10 200 kernel: [19644.025724] type=1400 audit(1325559430.056:21128): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/lib/cups/backend/cups-pdf" pid=31755 comm="apparmor_parser"
Jan 2 23:57:10 200 kernel: [19644.026255] type=1400 audit(1325559430.056:21129): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/sbin/cupsd" pid=31755 comm="apparmor_parser"
Jan 2 23:57:10 200 kernel: [19644.052801] type=1400 audit(1325559430.084:21130): apparmor="DENIED" operation="chown" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/" pid=31756 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="w" denied_mask="w" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:10 200 kernel: [19644.053062] type=1400 audit(1325559430.084:21131): apparmor="DENIED" operation="chown" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/certs/" pid=31756 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="w" denied_mask="w" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:10 200 kernel: [19644.058626] type=1400 audit(1325559430.088:21132): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/printcap" pid=31756 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:10 200 kernel: [19644.064790] type=1400 audit(1325559430.096:21133): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/cups.sock" pid=31756 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:10 200 kernel: [19644.065178] type=1400 audit(1325559430.096:21134): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/cupsd.pid" pid=31756 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:10 200 kernel: [19644.066656] init: cups main process (31756) terminated with status 1
Jan 2 23:57:10 200 kernel: [19644.066775] init: cups main process ended, respawning
Jan 2 23:57:16 200 kernel: [19650.879763] type=1400 audit(1325559436.908:21135): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/lib/cups/backend/cups-pdf" pid=31778 comm="apparmor_parser"
Jan 2 23:57:16 200 kernel: [19650.880382] type=1400 audit(1325559436.912:21136): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/sbin/cupsd" pid=31778 comm="apparmor_parser"
Jan 2 23:57:16 200 kernel: [19650.908451] type=1400 audit(1325559436.940:21137): apparmor="DENIED" operation="chown" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/" pid=31780 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="w" denied_mask="w" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:16 200 kernel: [19650.908685] type=1400 audit(1325559436.940:21138): apparmor="DENIED" operation="chown" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/certs/" pid=31780 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="w" denied_mask="w" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:16 200 kernel: [19650.917573] type=1400 audit(1325559436.948:21139): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/printcap" pid=31780 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:16 200 kernel: [19650.924979] type=1400 audit(1325559436.956:21140): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/cups.sock" pid=31780 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:16 200 kernel: [19650.925414] type=1400 audit(1325559436.956:21141): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/cupsd.pid" pid=31780 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:16 200 kernel: [19650.926916] init: cups main process (31780) terminated with status 1
Jan 2 23:57:16 200 kernel: [19650.927026] init: cups main process ended, respawning
Jan 2 23:57:23 200 kernel: [19657.333116] type=1400 audit(1325559443.364:21142): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/lib/cups/backend/cups-pdf" pid=31798 comm="apparmor_parser"
Jan 2 23:57:23 200 kernel: [19657.333527] type=1400 audit(1325559443.364:21143): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/sbin/cupsd" pid=31798 comm="apparmor_parser"
Jan 2 23:57:23 200 kernel: [19657.354606] type=1400 audit(1325559443.384:21144): apparmor="DENIED" operation="chown" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/" pid=31799 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="w" denied_mask="w" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:23 200 kernel: [19657.354782] type=1400 audit(1325559443.384:21145): apparmor="DENIED" operation="chown" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/certs/" pid=31799 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="w" denied_mask="w" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:23 200 kernel: [19657.360698] type=1400 audit(1325559443.392:21146): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/printcap" pid=31799 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:23 200 kernel: [19657.366326] type=1400 audit(1325559443.396:21147): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/cups.sock" pid=31799 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:23 200 kernel: [19657.366744] type=1400 audit(1325559443.396:21148): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/cupsd.pid" pid=31799 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:23 200 kernel: [19657.368310] init: cups main process (31799) terminated with status 1
Jan 2 23:57:23 200 kernel: [19657.368462] init: cups main process ended, respawning
Jan 2 23:57:29 200 kernel: [19663.735830] type=1400 audit(1325559449.764:21149): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/lib/cups/backend/cups-pdf" pid=31817 comm="apparmor_parser"
Jan 2 23:57:29 200 kernel: [19663.736391] type=1400 audit(1325559449.768:21150): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_replace" name="/usr/sbin/cupsd" pid=31817 comm="apparmor_parser"
Jan 2 23:57:29 200 kernel: [19663.757962] type=1400 audit(1325559449.788:21151): apparmor="DENIED" operation="chown" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/" pid=31818 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="w" denied_mask="w" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:29 200 kernel: [19663.758115] type=1400 audit(1325559449.788:21152): apparmor="DENIED" operation="chown" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/certs/" pid=31818 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="w" denied_mask="w" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:29 200 kernel: [19663.763306] type=1400 audit(1325559449.792:21153): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/printcap" pid=31818 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:29 200 kernel: [19663.769952] type=1400 audit(1325559449.800:21154): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/cups.sock" pid=31818 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:29 200 kernel: [19663.770346] type=1400 audit(1325559449.800:21155): apparmor="DENIED" operation="mknod" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" name="/run/cups/cupsd.pid" pid=31818 comm="cupsd" requested_mask="c" denied_mask="c" fsuid=0 ouid=0
Jan 2 23:57:29 200 kernel: [19663.771752] init: cups main process (31818) terminated with status 1
Jan 2 23:57:29 200 kernel: [19663.771841] init: cups main process ended, respawning
^C
| (pipe): o pipe junto com as setas de redirecionamento ( > e >>) é muito usado em scipts. A ideia desse comando é redirecionar a saída de um comando para entrada de outro. vejam!!!
Ex:
head -20 /etc/samba/smb.conf | cat -n
1 #
2 # Sample configuration file for the Samba suite for Debian GNU/Linux.
3 #
4 #
5 # This is the main Samba configuration file. You should read the
6 # smb.conf(5) manual page in order to understand the options listed
7 # here. Samba has a huge number of configurable options most of which
8 # are not shown in this example
9 #
10 # Some options that are often worth tuning have been included as
11 # commented-out examples in this file.
12 # - When such options are commented with ";", the proposed setting
13 # differs from the default Samba behaviour
14 # - When commented with "#", the proposed setting is the default
15 # behaviour of Samba but the option is considered important
16 # enough to be mentioned here
17 #
18 # NOTE: Whenever you modify this file you should run the command
19 # "testparm" to check that you have not made any basic syntactic
20 # errors.
Nesse caso o comando "head" passou o conteúdo do arquivo samba.conf para o comando "cat -n " que me mostrou uma listagem numerada, pois o comando "head -20 /etc/samba/smb.conf" foi usado para mostrar as primeiras vinte linhas do arquivo, e o "cat -n ", me confirmou na listagem.
Nenhum comentário:
Postar um comentário